Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a highly perishable, nutrient-rich vegetable, and maintaining its postharvest quality at room temperature is a major challenge. This study evaluated the fruit quality and shelf life of 11 (G1,G2,G3,G4,G5,G6,G7,G8,G9,G10,G11) sweet pepper genotypes stored at ambient storage conditions (24.73±0.21°C, 69.26±0.04% RH) for a period of 27 days. The experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was carried out under laboratory conditions with three replications over period of September 2024 to March 2025. The maximum respiration rate (1723 μmol g-1 s-1), TPC (130.98 mg 100g⁻¹ DW), carotenoids (0.849mg 100g⁻¹DW), and anthocyanin (1.08 mg 100g⁻¹ FW) were recorded in G7, and G10 had the highest chlorophyll b (0.102 mg g-1). Maximum vitamin C (173.46 mg 100g⁻¹ FW), TFC exhibited by G11 higher than other varieties. Significant quality reductions was occurred by day 20. At this stage, G5 retained the highest vitamin C (146.38 mg 100g⁻¹ FW) and DPPH activity (56.74%). G7 had higher retention of TPC (80.97 mg 100g⁻¹ DW), carotenoids (0.627 mg g-1 FW) and anthocyanin (0.22 mg 100g⁻¹ FW); while G9 and G10 were better in retaining the chlorophyll a (0.051 mg g-1 FW) and TFC (93.68 mg 100g⁻¹ DW). G4, G9 and G10 genotypes had longer shelf life (24.67, 25.61 and 26.67 days respectively) retaining the higher overall quality. Conversely, G1 and G2 had a shorter shelf life and poorer nutrient retention, associated with higher respiration rates. Thus, the genotypes G4, G9 and G10 are recommended to store for longer duration( 24-27 days) at room temperature with minimum loss in quality. However, it needs to verify again before being conferring final recommendation.

Keywords: Sweet pepper, Ambient storage, Genotypes, Antioxidant, Shelf-life

The present study aimed to investigate the medicinal properties (phytochemical screening, antioxidant potentiality, and antibacterial activity) of seven plant species used by the Manipuri tribe in Bangladesh. Most extracts showed effective antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogenic species and doses of minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts ranged from 12.5 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. When compared to seven medicinal plants, the crude extract of Melastonia malabathricum and Oxalis corniculata exerted best minimum inhibitory doses against all studied bacterial (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp and Staphylococcus aureus). Both Oxalis corniculata and Melastoma malabathricum showed best performance against Salmonella sp. Aerva sanguinolenta exhibited good performance to retard the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp, and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, four medicinal plants (Oxalis corniculata, Aerva sanguinolenta, Melastoma malabathricum, and Mikania scandens) displayed potential activity against E. coli growth. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed that the extracts of plants (Houttuynia cordata, Oxalis corniculata, Leucas aspera, Mikania scandens, Aerva sanguinolenta, Spilanthes acmella, Melastoma malabathricum) contained alkaloids, steroids, phenols, proteins, flavonoids, saponins, amino acids, coumarins, and other compounds. The presence of phytochemicals varied from plant to plant. The methanolic extract of Houttuynia cordata contained the highest amount of total phenolic compounds, measuring 94.53 ± 0.45 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) of dry leaf powder. High total flavonoid content was found in the ethanolic crude extract of Melastoma malabathricum, with 78.76 ± 0.67 mg/g quercetin equivalent (QE) of dry leaf powder. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Melastoma malabathricum showed the highest total tannin content, 51.20 ± 0.09 and 50.50 ± 0.17 mg/g tannic acid equivalent (TAE) of dry leaf powder, respectively. Houttuynia cordata, Melastoma malabathricum, and Oxalis corniculata extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activity. To extend the current study, in vivo models are needed to prove the effectiveness of leaves as alternative drugs.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Antibacterial activity, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Minimum inhibitory concentration

Livestock production plays a vital role in rural livelihoods and household security in Bangladesh, yet gender disparities often limit women’s participation and decision making in this sector. This study investigates the relationship between livestock production efficiency and women’s empowerment among beneficiaries of the Livestock Development and Dairy Production (LDDP) project in Bangladesh. The main objective was to examine how women’s empowerment influence by technical efficiency in livestock production. Primary data were collected from 450 livestock-farming household across six upazilas in the LDDP coverage three southern divisions. Descriptive and inferential statistics, the Alkire–Foster methodology, stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), and ordered probit regression were applied to analyze the data. Results showed that the overall WELI score was 0.735, with 26.65% of women (WELI ≥ 0.80) classified as empowered. The mean TE scores were 0.941 for male-headed and 0.940 for female-headed households, respectively. A positive and statistically significant (p < 0.05) relationship between TE and WELI was observed, indicating that households with greater gender parity exhibit higher production efficiency. The study concludes that enhancing livestock production not only women empowers them but also improve overall productivity, supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on gender equality and inclusive economic growth. Future research should explore longitudinal impacts and the role of institutional support in sustaining women’s empowerment in livestock farming.

Keywords: WELI; Technical efficiency; stochastic frontier model; Livestock; Bangladesh

Among the most important non-wood forest products worldwide, Agarwood, derived from Aquilaria malaccensis Roxb., has growing economic and livelihood importance along with Bangladesh. Despite its significant export potential, empirical data regarding farm-level production practices, profitability and limitations are still scarce. This present study assessed the opportunities, obstacles and cost–benefit aids of agar tree cultivation based on the perspectives of growers in Barlekha upazila, Moulvibazar district of northeastern Bangladesh. A survey was administered to 120 households between November 2019 to May 2020. Primary data were obtained using structured questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs) and field observations. Descriptive statistics, a Constraints Facing Index (CFI) and financial evaluation instruments, such as net present value (NPV), benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and internal rate of return (IRR) were utilized for the study. The findings indicated that agar farming is primarily showed by middle aged farmers (51.67%) posing primary to secondary education, small land holdings and moderate to high production experience. Agarwood was mostly grown in mixed cropping systems within homesteads and fallow lands often in association with jackfruit, mango and acacia species reflecting significant on-farm biodiversity. The majority of famers are depended on seedlings, cultivate in nurseries and followed a traditional management technique utilizing minimal irrigation and agrochemicals. The economic analysis revealed remarkable profitability with a net return of BDT 3,300.28 per tree and a benefit cost ratio of 5.92 over a 12 years production cycle. At the hectare level the NPV was BDT 3.36 million the discounted BCR was 3.54 and the IRR was 27.45% indicating strong financial viability. However, significant barriers included inadequate finance, poor technical assistance, unavailability of enhanced varieties and restricted access to contemporary production technology. Farmers indicated that enhanced agar production needed stronger marketing channels, training, technical support, favorable government policies and access to finance facilities. The study indicates that agar tree farming is a lucrative and viable agroforestry practice in Bangladesh and certain policy and institutional interventions might significantly improve its sustainability and impact on rural life.

Keywords: Agarwood production, Prospects and challenges, Agroforestry systems, Cost–benefit analysis

Youth is the epitome of a creative force. As a dynamic source of innovation, they have participated, contributed, and even catalyzed essential changes in political systems, power-sharing dynamics and history. Youths have reshaped the democratic trajectory of
Bangladesh from 1952 to the July 2024 revolution, demonstrating an indomitable spirit of sacrifice. But unfortunately, a significant portion of the youth are detached from the political process. As voting is widely considered the most important form of political participation, this study was carried out to analyze the perception of youths about the electoral process in Bangladesh and identify the factors that trigger their disengagement. The study was conducted in Sylhet City Corporation among 471 participants from diverse backgrounds. A convergent parallel mixed-methods study design was used in this study to collect, analyse and interpret quantitative and qualitative data. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data, which were analysed using SPSS and content analysis. The results show that 50.3% of respondents consider the existing electoral process flawed, and 58.8% believe that the existing electoral process does not reflect the demands of the youth. The study suggests that to ensure youth engagement, the administration and the election commission must play a neutral role. Moreover, credible candidates must be nominated, and a peaceful environment should be ensured at the polling centers to motivate youths to participate in the electoral process.

Keywords: Politics; Electoral Participation; Youth; Bangladesh; Vote

Pulses (Pisum sativum L.) are important grain legume crops that contribute significantly to Bangladesh’s nutritional security as inexpensive, high-protein food sources. This research assessed the agronomic performance and environmental adaptability of four pea varieties (Pea Nator Local, Pea Jikorgacha Local, BARI Khesari-2, and BARI Motorshuti-3) at the experimental field of Sylhet Agricultural
University during the 2019-2020 Rabi season. The experiment employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The results showed significant variation among varieties for plant population, leaves plant⁻¹, branches plant⁻¹, plant height, fresh weight of plant, pods plant⁻¹, pod length, seeds pod⁻¹, 100 seeds weight, and seed yield. The results revealed that the highest seed yield was obtained from Natore local (1572.37 kg ha⁻¹) and it was similar to Jhikorgacha local (1440 kg ha⁻¹). The lowest seed yield was obtained from BARI motorshuti-3 (961.87 kg ha⁻¹). Environmental suitability analysis showed that Pea Nator local had perfect adaptation with 5.5% yield loss while BARI motorshuti-3 suffered 38.8% yield loss due to environmental stress. Above all Pea Nator local and Jikorgacha local may be suggested to farmers to cultivate in Sylhet.

Keywords: Pulse cultivation, Environmental adaptation, Varietal performance, Agro-ecological Zone, Northeastern Bangladesh

Neglected and underutilized plant species (NUPS), often referred to as future smart foods, hold immense potential for enhancing food security, nutritional diversity, and climate resilience in marginal environments. This study investigated the diversity, cultivation status, and adoption constraints of NUPS in homestead agroforestry systems at Zakiganj Upazila of Sylhet District in Bangladesh a subtropical, flood-prone region characterized by high rainfall (2,540–3,810 mm annually) and acidic soils. Using a survey-based design, data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 120 randomly selected respondents across nine unions from January to June 2025 at Zakiganj Upazila. Though the NUPS are in the verse of extinction, results revealed that still 58.3% of households cultivating them primarily due to their climate tolerance (31.7%), low input requirements (28.3%), and local availability (25.0%). Key information sources of neighbors (29.2%) and extension workers (25.0%) showed major constraints comprised of lack of knowledge (38.3%), limited seed availability (25.0%), and perceived low yields (21.7%). Only 45.8% of respondents had received relevant training. Biodiversity analysis of the seven dominant NUPS (betel nut, mulberry, bonkochu, toikor, lukluki, shaplagota, and jaralebu) showed exceptionally high diversity, with a Shannon-Weaver Index (H′) of 1.9360 (near maximum 1.9459), evenness of 0.9949, and Simpson’s Index of Diversity (1–D) of 0.8544, indicating balanced species distribution. These findings highlighted the critical and important role of traditional homegardens in conserving resilient, nutrient-dense NUPS amid a lot of climate stresses. Improving knowledge gaps, seed systems, and extension services are essential to mainstream these orphan crops, which in turn, will support dietary diversification, hidden hunger mitigation, and sustainable agriculture in the vulnerable regions of Bangladesh.

Keywords: Neglected and underutilized plant species (NUPS), future smart food, homestead agroforestry, biodiversity indices, climate resilience, food security, Zakiganj, Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Department of Agronomy and Haor Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh during October 2015 to October 2016 to find out the effect of environmental factors on growth and yield performances of the mungbean varieties in Sylhet region. At the present experiment mungbean variety BARI mung-6 was evaluated at thirteen different sowing dates started from October 2015 (S1) to October 2016 (S13). Due to unfavorable environmental conditions, only plants grown from nine sowing dates could successfully complete vegetative and reproductive phase. The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and maintain 3 plots for each sowing time. The combinations of treatments were allocated randomly to the plots in each replication. The unit plot size was 10 m2 (4m × 2.5m). The distance between the replication was 1.0 m and the adjacent unit plot was 0.5 m. The result of the experiment revealed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature had positive relationship along with other factors on yield and yield attributes of mungbean. Temperature parameters showed significant positive correlations (p≤0.01) with most growth and yield attributes, while relative humidity and rainfall showed weaker, non-significant associations. The highest grain yield (866.07 kg ha-1) was obtained 1 October, 2015 sowing and lowest (131.79 kg ha-1) was obtained 1 November, 2015 sowing (S2). The results also showed that BARI mung-6 performed better in 1 October, 2015 sowing and 8 April, 2016 sowing in Sylhet.

Keywords: Mungbean (Vigna radiata), Sowing date, Environmental factors, Growth parameters

The present study focused on investigating the Length-Weight Relationships (LWRs) and condition factors of Mystus cavasius species in Tanguar Haor, Bangladesh, over a time frame from November 2022 to June 2023. A total of 800 Mystus cavasius specimens were collected using a variety of equipment and nets with the assistance of local fishermen. The length of each fish was measured in centimeters (cm) using a digital slide caliper, while their body weight was determined in g by using a digital balance. The analysis revealed significant differences in the LWR parameters such as rate of change of weight with length (a), weight at unit length (b), condition factor (k), and the co-efficient of correlation (r2), across different months. The maximum value of parameter a (intercept) for M. cavasius was observed in June 2023, reaching 4.4106, whereas the lowest a value occurred in May 2023 of 0.5605. Similarly, the maximum b value of 1.4463 was recorded in May 2023, while the lowest b value of 0.6155 was observed in December 2022. The condition factor (k) exhibited its peak value in March 2023 (0.8400), followed by a subsequent increase to 1.0221 in May 2023. Regarding the coefficient of correlation (r2), the highest value of 0.9531 was documented in December 2022, indicating a strong relationship between length and weight. Conversely, the lowest r2 value of 0.8563 was observed in May 2023, suggesting a relatively weaker correlation during that period. These findings provide valuable insights into the length-weight relationships and condition factors of M. cavasius in Tanguar Haor, such information is crucial for understanding the growth and overall well-being of this species in the study area, thereby facilitating effective fisheries management and conservation efforts.

Keywords: Mystus cavasius; Length–weight relationship (LWR); Condition factor (K); Small indigenous fish (SIS); Tanguar Haor; Freshwater fisheries

Global food systems are advancing towards vulnerable due to over reliance on a narrow range of staple crops (rice, wheat, maize), creating risks from climate change, environmental degradation, and malnutrition. Neglected and underutilized plant species (NUPS), are known as Future Smart Foods which are offering climate-resilient, nutrient-dense alternatives adapted to marginal environments, with potential dietary diversity, ability to combat hidden hunger, and support sustainable livelihoods. This study was conducted with the objectives of knowing the people perception and attitude towards the NUPS in Gowainghat Upazila of Sylhet District, Bangladesh. The research area is located in a humid sub-tropical region with heavy monsoon rainfall (~5,000 mm annually) and having diverse agroecology covering 200 randomly selected respondents from four unions (Fatehpur, Rustampur, Purba Jaflong, Alirgaon) with the above objectives during June 2022 to and April 2023. Data were collected by using semi-structured interviews, pre-tested questionnaires, field observations, and focus group discussions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Likert scales. Results revealed strong appreciation for NUPS, with fruits dominating usage (55.5%) followed by vegetables (16.5%) and medicinal applications (15%), and were primarily for self-consumption (55%) and contributing to nutrition, health, and income security. Women played the prominent role in labor-intensive production tasks (e.g., planting 57.5%, harvesting 65.5%), creating gender empowerment, while marketing remained male-dominated (71.5%). Respondents hold positive attitudes toward NUPS benefits including nutritional security and women’s empowerment. But showed low awareness of environmental contributions (e.g., biodiversity enhancement), limited knowledge levels (47% nil), with a perceived decadal decline in availability/production (66.5%) attributed to marketing constraints (79 % respondents), uneven precipitation (72%), lack of training (69%), and inadequate knowledge (64%). These findings are aligned with global patterns of NUPS erosion due to policy negligence and climate stresses. The study underscores NUPS’ viability as climate-smart resources in vulnerable rural Bangladesh, affirming their role in advancing SDGs 1 (No Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger), 3 (Good Health and Well-being), 5 (Gender Equality), and 15 (Life on Land). Promoting awareness, gender-inclusive training, market linkages, and resilient cultivation could reverse declining, boost up food/nutrition security, and foster diversified, sustainable food systems in similar agroecological contexts.

Keywords: Neglected and underutilized plant species (NUPS), Future Smart Foods, climate-smart agriculture, food and nutrition security

Fish diversity in Bangladesh’s major rivers is declining, but the lack of comprehensive research means their current status remains largely undocumented. This study addressed the issue in the Bangali River using a pre-tested questionnaire, direct catch assessments, and interviews with fishers, traders, locals, and the upazila fisheries officer. A total of 49 fish and prawn species were documented, belonging to 10 orders and 17 families. Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, and Perciformes emerged as the most prominent orders, accounting for 40.81%, 22.45%, and 14.28% of the total fish population in the Bangali River, respectively. Among the families, Cyprinidae (38.78%) was identified as the most dominant, followed by Bagridae (10.20%), Cobitidae, and Ambassidae (6.12%). These results demonstrate that the Bangali River is a highly valuable inland open waterbody, potentially serving as a vital fishery and gene bank. Therefore, it is imperative to implement conservation measures to safeguard this invaluable resource. Manmade activities like overfishing, use of pesticides, operation of illegal gear and natural causes such as climate change and drought are accelerating biodiversity degradation in the Bangali River. Furthermore, adopting ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies with active involvement from local communities is strongly recommended to ensure the sustainability of these water bodies.

Keywords: Fish biodiversity; Bangali River; Freshwater ecosystem; Anthropogenic impacts; Conservation management

Over the last few decades, river ecosystems have been increasingly degraded by natural and human-induced pressures, leading to serious consequences for fish biodiversity and fishers’ livelihoods. The Kalni River ecosystem has been severely affected by climate-related factors such as rainfall variability, temperature fluctuations, and flash floods, as well as anthropogenic activities including overfishing, destructive fishing gear, and water pollution. A six-month field survey (December 2023–May 2024) involving 100 randomly selected fishers was conducted using structured questionnaires and interviews. The results showed that 82% of fishers experienced livelihood losses due to declining fish diversity, with 65% reporting severe impacts. Daily fish catch declined across seasons, with most fishers catching only 1.0–2.0 kg during pre-monsoon, 3.0–4.0 kg in monsoon, and 2.0–3.0 kg in post-monsoon periods. Reduced income limited households’ ability to support education; although primary school enrollment remained high (60% girls), dropout rates increased at higher levels due to financial constraints. Housing conditions improved for 47% of respondents, while 43% reported no change and 10% experienced deterioration. Sanitation facilities remained unchanged for 43% of fishers, improved for 36%, and declined for 10%. Health services deteriorated for 51% of households, and declining income forced 82% of fishers to depend on loans, compared to only 24% two decades ago. Overall, the decline in fish biodiversity has severely undermined the socioeconomic conditions and livelihood security of the Kalni River fishing community.

Keywords: Fish biodiversity; Climate change impacts; River ecosystems; Livelihood vulnerability; Conservation management

Genetic characteristics are the key to carrying out any modification on an animal to achieve desired goals. Medium-density Bovine SNP chips were used for three hundred and thirteen individuals of seven cattle breeds from secondary sources to study their genetic structure and diversity. The study was carried out from June to September 2021. Different parameters, viz. principal component analysis, minor allele frequency, FIS, FST analysis, admixture analysis, and linkage disequilibrium, were set as the basis of this investigation. Two different versions of PLINK were used to estimate and calculate the diversity parameters. The minor allele frequency in Holstein showed the highest level of genetic diversity, and the lowest was found in Brahman cattle. Heterozygosity was the lowest in Brahman (-0.09), and the highest was in Hanwoo (0.42). Hanwoo and JJBC also showed a significant level of linkage disequilibrium (mean LD was 0.63% and 0.71%, respectively). The FST values showed the most distance between Hereford and Nelore (0.5). The distance between Hanwoo and Holstein was very low (0.07), and the least distance was found between Nelore and Brahman (0.06). Holstein, Hanwoo, and Jeju Black cattle showed minimal admixture in their ancestry. This study revealed a satisfactory genetic history of the seven cattle breeds, which should be insightful for future conservation programs.

Keywords: Genetic diversity, High-density SNP chips, Admixture analysis, PCA, Inbreeding depression

Phenylalanine is an important plant derived aromatic amino acid that acts as an integral precursor of various specialized metabolites. Shikimate pathway is considered as the fundamental route for phenylalanine biosynthesis in plants. The crucial last step of this pathway is catalyzed by arogenate dehydratase (ADT) to synthesize phenylalanine from arogenate. Arabidopsis thaliana has six copies of ADT that catalyze phenylalanine production and initiate the downstream pathway to produce a large number of secondary metabolites. However, how do the copies of ADT have been evolved in different trajectories of land plant is relatively unknown. It is also unclear whether all the copies of Arabidopsis ADT have evolved at the same rate during the course of evolution. In addition, it is unknown how the multiple copies of Arabidopsis ADT contribute towards functional complexity. Our phylogenetic study revealed that all the domains of ADT had evolved before the land plant evolution as it was found in red algae, green algae and in fungus, indicating the presence of functional ADTs in all the spectrum of plants, algae and fungi. ADTs of Arabidopsis formed four different clusters which might suggest to their functional differences. Expression analysis revealed the dominative role of ADT2 in seed development, while the rest of the ADTs showed spatiotemporal expression and contributed to other developmental functions of Arabidopsis.

Keywords: ADT, Arabidopsis, Phenylalanine, Aromatic amino acid, Evolution

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted systems related to food, transportation, and livelihood. The pandemic harmed small-scale fishermen (SSF). However, little is known about the COVID-19’s impact on artisanal fishing communities, particularly catch composition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on artisanal fisheries in Bangladesh, employing Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools for data collection. Data were collected for 60 days (23 days of pre-lockdown and 37 days of lockdown) from seven landing sites in the southwest coastal zone of Bangladesh in 2020, focusing on fishing, catch, price, and livelihood status of fishermen. Observations revealed lower fishing pressure during lockdown, which benefited fishermen with a higher catch per unit effort (CPUE) than pre-lockdown. However, fishing became less profitable due to declining fish prices (4-83%) and increased transportation costs (average 30%) compared to the pre-lockdown times. These factors, combined with reduced fishing time (5 hours a day, 3 days a week) during the lockdown, significantly reduced the income of small-scale fishermen, compelling over 70% to seek high-interest loans from moneylenders, shopkeeper credits to cover living expenses. Around 22% of fishermen took loans with high interest from local lenders, which may affect them in the future, putting their next generations at risk of exploitation by the money lenders. Moreover, lockdown affected their livelihoods, with the highest impact on food (25%), followed by the economy (23%), health (20%), education (19%), and other social effects (13%). In this study, we propose a framework that can protect small-scale artisanal communities against future crises.

Keywords: Small Scale Fisheries, COVID-19, Lockdown, Pandemic, Sundarbans

The sea beach is the most visually appealing and popular tourist destination in Bangladesh, and it makes a significant economic contribution to both the local and national economies. But this coastal water is polluting with solid and liquid water which discharge directly or indirectly through land wash or drainage system to the coastal water of Cox’s Bazar. This waste and waste water carry excess nutrient and pathogenic microbe and pollute coastal water. For that this study was conducted at Teknaf, Himchori, Kolatoli, Laboni, Bakkhali sites of Cox’s Bazar Districts to understand the status and relation of nutrients and microbial load and coastal water pollution which is very important for tourism, health and safety. For sampling, preservation and analysis APHA (1999) methods were followed. According to the study, the microbial load was too high for swimming and bathing. There was some significant relation among nutrient, seasons and microbes in the study areas. In Premonsoon, the highest level of Total Viable Count (TVC) had shown at Bakkhali site (336 cfu/ml) and lowest level of Total Viable Count (TVC) had shown at Himchary site (116 cfu/ml) whereas the, standard value of TVC was only 10 cfu/ml. Noticeably, the standard value of Faecal coliform and streptococcus was simply 1 cfu/ml but our received results from different five sites were exceptionally high. However, in case of pathogenic bacteria Salmonella and Vibrio the standard value was 2.7 cfu/ml and 7 cfu/ml respectively. The fascinating information was that, the Laboni (0 cfu/ml) and Himchary (2 cfu/ml) site had shown less number of Salmonella than the standard value (2.7 cfu/ml). In addition, Kolatoli (1 cfu/ml) and Laboni (6 cfu/ml) site had shown less number of Vibrio than standard value (7 cfu/ml). In Monsoon, it also shown immense deviation. Especially at Himchary site, TVC (764 cfu/ml) and Steptococcus (761cfu/ml) were noted. On the other hand, Kolatoli site had demonstrated highest number of Fecal Coliform (258 cfu/ml) and Salmonella (104 cfu/ml). But in Postmonsoon it had represented the greatest deviation from standard data. Among the three season, the higher level of Total Viable Count (TVC), Fecal Coliform, Salmonella, Vibrio Chlorella, Streptococcus had shown at all the sites in Monsoon season and lower level of Total Viable Count (TVC) had shown in Pre monsoon and Post monsoon. In respect of nutrient NH4-N, NO2-N, SiO3-Si were higher in Monsoon but PO4-P value were lower in Monsoon and higher in Pre monsoon and Post monsoon.

Keywords: Nutrient, Microbial load, Cox’s Bazar

Salinity is a significant barrier that inhibits crop production in salt-affected areas as in the southern region of Bangladesh. Maize (Zea mays L.), is the third most major cereal crop that has shown decreased plant growth and production potential under saline conditions. Furthermore, salinity affects both plant growth and production. Hybrid maize has been recently introduced to the cropping systems of southern
Bangladesh to enhance cropping intensity and productivity. The experiment was conducted at the Botiaghata, Khulna (AEZ-11) during the Robi season of 2022-23 to determine hybrid salt tolerant lines for maximizing maize yield and its utilize thousands of hectares of unproductive land and dikes of shrimp farms. Fifteen advanced lines of hybrid maize were evaluated in the study. The experiment was laid out in randomized compete block design with three replications. The highest grain yield was found in E-34 x BIL-211 was 11.37 t ha-1 and which was followed by Pinacle-3 x BIL-211 (9.71 t ha-1) and BIL-79 x Pinacle-16 (9.09 t ha-1). The lowest yield was found from BIL-106 x CML-480 (3.53 t ha-1). It is suggested that E-34 x BIL-211 can be grown in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh.

Keywords: Evaluation; Maize; salt tolerant; lines and yield parameters

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) are important winter vegetable crops cultivated in Bangladesh. Planting date is crucial for successful production, but the farmers of the haor areas generally cultivate cauliflower and cabbage not maintaining proper planting dates. The study aimed to search the suitable varieties and planting dates of cauliflower and cabbage. Two individual experiments were conducted in Naogaon village at Dekar haor in Sunamganj district from October 2018 to February 2019. Three planting dates- 5 November, 15 November and 25 November were selected for both the experiments. In experiment one, two hybrid cauliflower varieties- Shira Giko, White Mountain and one OP variety Queen were selected. Atlas 70 and Queen F1 were included in experiment two. The experiments followed two factors randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three farmers’ replications. Data were collected on curd diameter, curd yield, gross and marketable yield for cauliflower. The cabbage head diameter, head yield, gross and marketable
yield data were also recorded. Economic performance was calculated for the cost of production, ross return, net return and BCR for both the crops. The result showed that the curd diameter (37.56 cm), curd yield (16.36 t ha-1), marketable yield (25.83 t ha-1), gross yield (50.48 t ha-1), and BCR (4.55) were highest on 15th November in the case of cauliflower. Again, head diameter (56.6 cm), head yield (49.17 t ha-1), marketable yield (61.31 t ha-1), gross yield (75.91 t ha-1), and BCR (6.28) were highest on 5th November for cabbage. Cauliflower variety, Shira Giko and cabbage variety, Atlas 70, were the high-yielding varieties compared to others. Mid- November and early November planting were suitable for cauliflower and cabbage cultivation, respectively in the haor areas.

Keywords: Cauliflower, Cabbage, Haor, Planting dates, varieties

An experiment was conducted from March to November 2024 at the vermicompost shed and laboratory of the Department of Soil Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, to see the bioremediation potential of earthworms through vermicomposting from cow dung. Two factors, where A- Two earthworm species viz., Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae; and B- cadmium and copper concentrations viz., control (natural presence of Cd and Cu in cow dung), Cd (0.15 mg kg-1), Cu (5 mg kg-1), Cd+Cu (0.15+5, mg kg-1), were employed completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Twenty-five earthworms were released into 500 g of cow dung in each bowl. The moisture level of cow dung was maintained between 60-80%. Data were recorded on the number of earthworms, cocoons, hatchlings, length, biomass, cadmium and copper contents in the earthworm’s body. The vermicompost weight, its physical and chemical properties changes were also recorded. The result showed that the vermicompost was dark brown, ammonia off-odour, non-granular and not sticky. The highest number of earthworms, cocoons and hatchlings, was 26.83, 41.83 and 88.17 bowl-1 found in control, respectively. Earthworm length (9.78 cm), biomass (12.32 g bowl-1), and vermicompost weight (282.74 g bowl-1) were the highest in control. The highest concentrations of Cd and Cu (0.068 and 4.694 mg kg-1, respectively) were found in the earthworm’s body in Cd+Cu (0.15+5, mg kg-1) treatment, whereas the lowest Cd (0.133 mg kg-1) and Cu (6.565 mg kg-1) were recorded in the vermicompost of control. E. fetida and E. eugeniae showed statistically similar performance in case of the Cd and Cu accumulated in their bodies. The result indicated that earthworms would reduce Cd and Cu contents from cow dung and keep the environment clean from hazardous materials.

Keywords: Cadmium, Copper, Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae

The study was conducted to assess the growth and production performance of shrimp and rajpunti under mixed culture at various stocking ratios in Bagerhat district over a four-month period from March to July 2023. The experiment used randomized block design (RBD) and was designed with three treatments based on stocking ratio. Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) post larvae and fingerlings of rajpunti (Barbodes gonionotus) were stocked at a ratio of 4:3, 4:5, and 4:7/m2 in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Shrimp and rajpunti were fed commercial diets and farm-made formulated feeds on a regular basis. Different water quality parameter was measured at ten day intervals. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in water quality parameters among all treatments. Higher final weight of shrimp was found in T2 (28.15 g) than T1 (27.39 g) or T3 (25.36 g). Rajpunti growth and survival rate were lower in T3, which had a high stocking ratio. T1 had higher shrimp production (674.34 kg/ha) than T2 (632.44 kg/ha) and T3 (488.24 kg/ha). Rajpunti production was substantially greater (p < 0.05) in T2 (1511.10 kg/ha) and T3 (1470.09 kg/ha) compared to T1 (923.06 kg/ha). However, the combined output and net profit of shrimp and rajpunti farming were considerably (p < 0.05) greater in T2 (2143.54 kg/ha, BDT 212309.10/ha) followed by T3 (1958.34 kg/ha, BDT 162831.50/ha) and T1 (1594.10 kg/ha, BDT 160845.90/ha). Therefore, the inclusion of rajpunti with shrimp at a stocking ratio of 4:5/m2 is recommended for dissemination among shrimp farmers in order to accelerate production while also generating a high economic benefit.

Keywords: Penaeus monodon, Barbodes gonionotus, stocking ratio, production, profit

Antibiotic resistance has become a critical challenge in the aquaculture industry. Besides devastating economic losses, the alarming rate of antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat and is not limited to aquatic organisms but also affects human and other animal health through environmental and food chain transmission. Aquatic microorganisms can acquire resistance via horizontal gene transfer or evolve different mechanisms (i.e., efflux and biofilm production) to counteract the antibiotic effects. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in aquaculture accelerate this process and promote the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. To combat this growing concern, alternative strategies such as phage therapy, immunostimulants, and probiotics are being explored. Among these, probiotics represent a promising and sustainable option. These probiotic microorganisms, when administered in adequate
amounts, can confer health benefits to the host, like enhancing growth and stress tolerance, improving feed utilization, and boosting the immune system. Besides disease prevention, probiotics can improve water quality by breaking down organic matter and reducing ammonia levels, thereby fostering a healthier rearing environment for aquaculture. Therefore, it can lead to a significant reduction in antibiotic use. The strategic integration of probiotics into aquaculture practices represents a promising approach to addressing antibiotic resistance and a crucial step toward sustainable and eco-friendly fish farming

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, aquaculture, probiotics, disease prevention

Groundwater is a vital source for drinking and agricultural purposes in Chapainawabganj district. The scarcity of water in surface water bodies causes high dependency on groundwater resources. Despite being a riverine country, Bangladesh faces growing concerns over its water resources, as revealed in a comprehensive study across 45 unions in five upazilas of Chapainawabganj district. The aim of this paper is to investigate the aquifer system and groundwater level up to union level of Chapainawabganj district. Existing historical data has been collected from BWDB, BMD and other relevant agencies. Rainfall data has been collected for the duration of 1985 to 2023. Existing hydro-geological data that includes groundwater level, lithologs and aquifer properties has been collected from available secondary sources. In addition, to fulfill the data gap, a comprehensive field investigation program has been conducted that includes exploratory drilling at 19 locations. Borelog data indicates that the aquifer system mostly falls under two physiographic units: Barind Tract and Ganges Flood plain. Through participatory rural appraisal (PRA), local communities shared critical insights into the state of water resources, complemented by hydrological investigations of both surface and groundwater. The area holds 5,184 surface water bodies, including 4,944 ponds and 240 beels. Groundwater table depths vary annually from 3.0 to 27.5 meters, with recharge rates ranging between 193 and 727 mm per year. Transmissivity values range from 89 to 4,648 m²/day, while storage coefficients for the first aquifer vary from 0.0000748 to 0.1781. Water scarcity levels differ across the region, with 11 unions experiencing very low scarcity, 14 facing moderate, 10 high, and another 10 enduring very high scarcity. Notably, very high-water stress affects 1 union in Chapainawabganj Sadar, 5 in Gomostapur, and 4 in Nachol, while high stress is observed in 3 unions each in Chapainawabganj Sadar and Gomostapur, and 4 in Shibganj. Alarmingly, excessive groundwater extraction for agriculture-particularly in Nachol and Gomostapur-has led to significant declines in groundwater levels, signaling urgent need for sustainable water management practices.

Keywords: Recharge, Participatory rural appraisal, Water scarcity, Water stress, Groundwater level

Slope stability analysis is critical for evaluating terrain stability, enabling the identification of preventive measures and the prediction of potential failures. This experimental study, conducted at Sylhet Agricultural University, investigates the effectiveness of vetiver grass in reducing soil erosion and improving slope stability through factor of safety calculations. A physical model representing an earthen slope with and without vetiver was developed on campus. Results showed that soil erosion decreased by 75.60% to 77.46% with vetiver compared to bare soil. Using effective stress analysis numerical method and GeoStudio software, the factor of safety was computed for sandy clay samples, where the unit weights of bare and vetiver-rooted soils were 18 kN/m³ and 17.3 kN/m³, and average cohesion values were 15 kN/m² and 25 kN/m², respectively. The factor of safety for bare and vetiver-rooted soil is 1.73 and 2.55, respectively indicating that vetiver enhances slope stability by approximately 1.48 times. These findings demonstrate that vetiver grass is an effective and sustainable option for erosion control and slope stabilization in Sylhet.

Keywords: Effective stress, GeoStudio, Vetiver grass, Factor of safety